The Preposition "de" in Brazilian Portuguese
The Portuguese preposition de is highly versatile. While it primarily translates to 'of' or 'from', it takes on many other meanings depending on the context. Let's break down its forms and uses.
1. Contractions
The preposition de frequently combines (contracts) with articles, demonstratives, and adverbs. Here are some of the most common contractions:
- de + o/a = do / da (of the / from the)
- de + os/as = dos / das (of the / from the)
- de + este/esta = deste / desta (of this / from this)
- de + aqui = daqui (from here)
2. "Of" and Possession ('s)
It is universally used to mean 'of' and is always required to translate the English possessive 's, since Portuguese does not use an apostrophe for possession.
- a costa do Brasil (the coast of Brazil)
- um pedaço de bolo e um copo de leite (a piece of cake and a glass of milk)
- o livro do Ricardo (Ricardo's book)
- o jornal de ontem (yesterday's newspaper)
3. Attributes (Nature, Purpose, Material, Age)
Use de to describe what something is made of, its purpose, its genre, or its age.
- um filme de ação (an action movie)
- uma máquina de lavar roupa (a washing machine)
- uma blusa de algodão (a cotton blouse)
- uma menina de 15 anos (a 15-year-old girl)
4. Origin and Time Frames ("From")
It indicates where someone or something is from, as well as the starting point of a time frame.
- Ele é da Bahia. (He is from Bahia.)
- O banco abre das 10h00 às 16h00. (The bank is open from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM.)
5. Physical Movement ("Out of" / "Off")
When describing physical movement away from a place or object, de is used.
- Ela tirou uma caneta da bolsa. (She took a pen out of her bag.)
- Ele caiu da moto e quebrou a perna. (He fell off the motorcycle and broke his leg.)
6. Means of Transport and Authorship ("By")
It translates to 'by' when talking about how you travel or who created a piece of work.
- Vamos de ônibus ou de avião? (Are we going by bus or by plane?)
- uma peça de Shakespeare (a play by Shakespeare)
7. Appearance, Features, and Dress ("With" / "In")
When describing a person's physical features or what they are wearing, use de.
- um homem de bigode (a man with a mustache)
- a mulher de chapéu (the woman in the hat)
- Tem que ir de terno e gravata? (Do I have to go in a suit and tie?)
8. After Superlatives ("In" / "On")
It follows superlatives to refer to locations or collections.
- a maior fábrica da América Latina (the biggest factory in Latin America)
9. Parts of the Day ("In")
It is used to say "in the morning/afternoon/evening". Note that tarde and noite can also use the preposition a (à tarde, à noite), but morning is always de manhã.
- de manhã (in the morning)
- de tarde (in the afternoon)
- de noite (in the evening/at night)
10. Cause of an Action or State ("With" / "From")
It expresses the physical or emotional cause behind an action.
- Eles pulavam de alegria. (They were jumping with joy.)
- Ele está tremendo de frio. (He is shivering from the cold.)
11. Idiomatic Expressions
Finally, de forms many common everyday expressions.
- de dia (during the day)
- de propósito (on purpose)
- de cabeça para baixo (upside down)