French Demonstrative Adjectives (Les adjectifs démonstratifs)
Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out or identify a specific person or thing. In English, they correspond to words like "this," "that," "these," and "those." They must always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
1. The Forms
- ce: Masculine singular (used before a consonant).
- cet: Masculine singular (used before a vowel or a silent h).
- cette: Feminine singular.
- ces: Plural (for both masculine and feminine).
2. Special Rule for Masculine Nouns
To make pronunciation easier, we use cet instead of ce when the following masculine noun starts with a vowel or a silent h:
- cet endroit (this place)
- cet hôtel (this hotel)
- cet hôpital (this hospital)
- cet admirable paysage (this admirable landscape)
However, we keep ce before an "aspirated h":
- ce héros (this hero)
- ce haut-parleur (this speaker)
3. General Usage
Demonstrative adjectives are used to designate something directly:
- Cette dame, c’est la directrice de l’école. (This lady is the school principal.)
- Tu vois cet autobus ? (Do you see this bus?)
They are also used to refer back to something already mentioned:
- J’ai une petite Peugeot. Cette voiture est très pratique. (I have a small Peugeot. This car is very practical.)
4. Using -ci and -là for Precision
In French, the demonstrative adjective itself doesn't distinguish between "this" (near) and "that" (far). To make that distinction, we add the suffixes -ci or -là after the noun.
- -ci (proximity): Refers to something close in time or space.
- ces jours-ci (these days)
- ce mois-ci (this month)
- Prends ce stylo-ci. (Take this pen here.)
- -là (distance): Refers to something further away in time or space.
- à cette époque-là (at that time)
- ce jour-là (that day)
- cet arbre-là au fond du jardin (that tree over there at the bottom of the garden)
When used together in the same sentence, they help distinguish between two items:
- Cette photo-ci en noir et blanc ou cette photo-là en couleur ? (This photo here in black and white or that photo there in color?)